1.主题: S

　　Today, I will be talking about…

　　Today, let's discuss…

　　2.定义: D

　　What I mean is…

　　All that means is…

　　…, which is / that is…

　　…is…in other words…

　　…is referred to as…

　　…is named / known / called…

　　3.因果: R / →

　　原因：1) because … 2)because of … 3)due to … 4)since… 5)as … 6)for… 7)The rason is … 8)That's why … 9)By reason of … 10)Owing to …

　　结果：1)so… 2)so that … 3)therefore… 4) thereby… 5)hereby… 6)thus… 7)As a result 8) consequently… 9) hence… 10)accordingly…

　　4.排序:(关注动词)

　　development, formation, process, procedure, step, method, approach, evolution

　　first, second, third, start with…, also, after, then, aside form that, lastly

　　5.举例: e.g.

　　(关注目的)

　　for instance, such as…， namely…, as an example, take example for, say, consider, take, one

　　6.并列

　　and, also, other, another thing, plus, additionally, in addition to that, coincidentally, on top of that, neither…nor…

　　7.列举

　　There are many tapes / kinds of…

　　8.比较

　　we should not confuse A and B

　　A is different from B

　　First, let's make a clear distinction between A and B

　　compare to…, contrast, unlike, similar to, in contrast to, differently, differ, alike resemble, on the other hand, instead, likewise, in the same way

　　9.转折:B

　　but, however, nevertheless, while, yet, unless, except for, actually, in fact, to tell you the truth, practically, virtually, as a matter of fact

　　10.问答:

　　(关注学生提问或反问)

　　重复强调，或是引出话题新走向

　　11.否定:×

　　(关注双重否定)

　　12.目的

　　purpose, aim, want to, goal, objective

　　13.理论:

　　(关注原因及结果)

　　research, experiment, theory, survey, law

　　14.强调:!

　　especially, indeed, certainly, interesting, important, fascinating, exciting

　　Just remember

　　And again

　　special feature

　　Most importantly

　　One thing I should mention

　　Make / Be sure to…

　　级别：-er, -est, more, most, mostly, first, last, majority, minority, above all

　　重读、慢读

　　15.态度、语气、情绪

　　(教授个人主观意见)

　　16.总结

　　conclusion, summarize, make a summary, in brief, in short, in a word, in a conclusion, finally, all in all, to sum up

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